Compared to equally sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller skulls, 30% smaller brains^[103], as well as proportionately smaller teeth than other canid species.^[104] Dogs require fewer calories to function than wolves. Their diet of human refuse in antiquity made the large brains and jaw muscles needed for hunting unnecessary. It is thought by certain experts that the dog's limp ears are a result of atrophy of the jaw muscles.^[104] The skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves, with some Inuit tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather.^[104] The paws of a dog are half the size of those of a wolf, and their tails tend to curl upwards, another trait not found in wolves.^[105]

Behavior

Dogs tend to be poorer than wolves at observational learning, being more responsive to instrumental conditioning.^[104] Feral dogs show little of the complex social structure or dominance hierarchy present in wolf packs. For dogs, other members of their kind are of no help in locating food items, and are more like competitors.^[104] Feral dogs are primarily scavengers, with studies showing that unlike their wild cousins, they are poor ungulate hunters, having little impact on wildlife populations where they are sympatric. However, feral dogs have been reported to be effective hunters of reptiles in the Galápagos Islands,^[106] and free ranging pet dogs are more prone to predatory behavior toward wild animals.

Despite common belief, domestic dogs can be monogamous.^[107] Breeding in feral packs can be, but does not have to be restricted to a dominant alpha pair (despite common belief, such things also occur in wolf packs).^[108] Male dogs are unusual among canids by the  Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire   fact that they mostly seem to play no role in raising their puppies, and do not kill the young of other females to increase their own reproductive success.^[106] Some sources say that dogs differ from wolves and most other large canid species by the fact that they do not regurgitate food for their young, nor the young of other dogs in the same territory.^[104] However, this difference was not observed in all domestic dogs. Regurgitating of food by the females for the young as well as care for the young by the males has been observed in domestic dogs, dingos as well as in other feral or semi-feral dogs. Regurgitating of food by the females and direct choosing of only one mate has been observed even in those semi-feral dogs of direct domestic dog ancestry. Also regurgitating of food by males has been observed in free-ranging domestic dogs.^[107][109]

Trainability

Dogs display much greater tractability than tame wolves, and are generally much more responsive to coercive techniques involving fear, aversive stimuli, and force than wolves, which are most responsive toward positive conditioning and rewards.^[110] Unlike tame wolves, dogs tend to respond more to voice than hand signals.^[111] Although they are less difficult to control than wolves, they can be comparatively more difficult to teach than a motivated wolf.^[